| Hans von Dohnanyi | |
|---|---|
Hans von Dohnanyi |
|
| Born | 1 January 1902 Vienna, Austrian Empire |
| Died | 8/9 April 1945 (aged 43) Sachsenhausen concentration camp, Nazi Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | jurist |
| Spouse | Christine Bonhoeffer |
| Children | Klaus von Dohnanyi Christoph von Dohnányi Barbara von Dohnanyi |
Hans von Dohnanyi (1 January 1902 – 8 or 9 April 1945) was a German jurist, rescuer of Jews, and German resistance fighter against the Nazi régime.
Contents |
Hans von Dohnanyi was born to the Hungarian composer Ernő Dohnányi and his wife, the pianist Elisabeth Kunwald.[1] After his parents divorced, he grew up in Berlin. He went to the Grunewald Gymnasium there, becoming friends with Dietrich and Klaus Bonhoeffer.[1] From 1920 to 1924, he studied law in Berlin.[1] In 1925, he received a doctorate in law with a dissertation on "The International Lease Treaty and Czechoslovakia's Claim on the Lease Area in Hamburg Harbour".
After taking the first state exam in 1924, he married Christine Bonhoeffer, sister of his school friends, in 1925.[1] About this time, he began putting the stress on the "a" in his last name (which is of Hungarian origin, stressed on the first syllable). He and his wife had three children: Klaus von Dohnanyi, (mayor of Hamburg from 1981 to 1988), Christoph von Dohnányi, (a musical conductor) and Barbara von Dohnanyi.[1]
Dohnanyi worked at the Hamburg Senate for a short time and in 1929, began a career at the Reich Ministry of Justice, working as a personal consultant with the title of prosecutor to several justice ministers.[1] In 1934, the title was changed to Regierungsrat ("government adviser"). Meanwhile, in 1932, he was adjutant to Erwin Bumke, Imperial Court President (Reichsgerichtspräsident; at this time, Germany was still officially the German Empire, Deutsches Reich.) In this capacity, he put together Prussia's lawsuit against the Empire, which Prussia had brought after the Preußenschlag, Franz von Papen's dissolution of the Prussian social-democratic government through an emergency decree in 1932.[1]
As an adviser to Franz Gürtner from 1934 to 1938, von Dohnanyi got to know Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring.[1] He also had access to the justice ministry's most secret documents.[1]
Spurred by the murders of alleged plotters of the 1934 Night of the Long Knives, "legitimised" murders carried out on government orders, without trial or sentence, Dohnanyi began to seek out contacts with German resistance circles. He made records for himself of the régime's crimes, so that in the event of a collapse of the Third Reich, he would have evidence of their crimes.[1] In 1938, once his critical view of Nazi racial politics became known, Martin Borman had him transferred to the Reichsgericht in Leipzig as an adviser.[1]
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Hans Oster called Dohnanyi into the Abwehr of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Led by Wilhelm Canaris, it quite quickly became a hub of resistance activity against Hitler.
In 1942, Dohnanyi made it possible for two Jewish lawyers from Berlin, Friedrich Arnold and Julius Fliess, to flee with their loved ones to Switzerland, disguised as Abwehr agents. Altogether, 13 people were able to leave Germany without hindrance, thanks to Dohnanyi's forgeries and operation known as U-7.[2] Dohnanyi secretly went to Switzerland to make certain the refugees would be admitted.[2]
In late February 1943, Dohnanyi was busying himself with Henning von Tresckow's assassination attempt against Hitler and the attendant coup d'état.[3] The bomb that was smuggled aboard Hitler's plane in Smolensk, however, failed to go off.
On 5 April 1943, Dohnanyi was arrested at his office by the Gestapo[1] on charges of alleged breach of foreign currency violations. He had transferred funds to a Swiss bank on behalf of the Jews he had saved.[2] Among the transactions in question were ones with Jauch & Hübener. His trial was deliberately delayed by army judge Karl Sack. In 1944, Dohnanyi was delivered to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In addition, his involvement in the July 20 Plot came to light after the plan failed. On Hitler's orders, on April 6, 1945, Dohnanyi was condemned to death by an SS drumhead court[4] and executed two or three days later (depending on the source), hanged with piano cords.
After the fall of the Nazi régime, the chairman of the drumhead court, Otto Thorbeck, and the prosecutor, Walter Huppenkothen, were accused in West Germany of being accessories to murder. After the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH) had at first quashed a lower court's two acquittals, it changed its mind in 1956 during the third revision of the case, quashed Thorbeck's and Huppenkothen's sentences, and acquitted them of the charges of being accessories to murder by their participation in the drumhead trial on grounds that the court had been duly constituted and the sentence had been imposed according to the law then in force, without either of the accused having perverted justice.[4] It was particularly incomprehensible that the ruling approved the accused's involvement in carrying out the drumhead court's sentence, since they had failed to secure the approval of the highest legal official (that is, Hitler) of the sentence before they executed Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Wilhelm Canaris and Karl Sack. Huppenkothen was acquitted of carrying out the sentence of execution against von Dohnanyi, as there was a reasonable doubt as to whether Hitler did not approve the sentence.
On the occasion of Hans von Dohnanyi's hundredth birthday in 2002, Günter Hirsch, president of the BGH, called those who had sentenced Dohnanyi to death "criminals calling themselves judges".[4] Hirsch said the 1956 ruling was shameful because as a result, not a single one of the Nazi-era judges who sentenced 50,000 Nazi opponents to their deaths were themselves found guilty after the war.[4]
On October 23, 2003, Israel honoured Hans von Dohnanyi by recognizing him as one of the Righteous Among the Nations for saving the Arnold and Fliess families, at risk to his own life. His name has been inscribed in the walls at the Holocaust remembrance centre Yad Vashem in Jerusalem.[2]